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Robert B. Downs, Molders of the Modern Mind: 111 Books That Shaped Western Civilization [1961]; Famous Books Ancient and Medieval: Outlines of 108 Great Works That Have Shaped Modern Civilization [1964]

227 entries: 203 monographical, 24 otherwise

Unranked—arranged chronologically, except nos. 201-3, from Books That Changed the World [1978], which otherwise consists of entries already found in Molders and Famous

These two books together form a single list that covers all of literary history: the earlier begins chronologically where the later stops. However, these two books overlap with a third, Books That Changed the World (published in two significantly-different editions, 1956 and 1978) in a jumbled way. Simply put, essays from the '56 book appeared in Molders, but the latter overall has a larger number of essays. Meanwhile, Downs wrote Famous Books, since the first edition of Books That Changed the World included only post-medieval works (that is, it could be considered a first version of Molders). So, the '78 second edition of Books adds to the first: several essays from Famous, a few of the essays unique to Molders, and an essay on Rachel Carson originally published in another Downs work, Books That Changed America. In short, Books That Changed the World is almost irrelevant to this project, because nearly all of its selections are also found in Famous and Molders. The Carson essay is not in either of those, and the selections for two authors, Marx and Freud, are different in Books than they are in Molders. These Carson, Marx, and Freud selections not found in Molders are thus included in the final list here.

1. The Book of the Dead

The Book of Coming Forth by Day
varying versions; written ca. Sixteenth-First centuries B C—Egyptian


2. Hammurabi

The Code of Hammurabi
ca. 1770 B C—Akkadian

--

3. The Bible

Downs also lists John Wycliffe's 1382 English translation of the Vulgate [see below]—Hebrew; Aramaic; Greek

Homer

4. Iliad

ca. Ninth-Eighth centuries B C—Greek


5. Odýsseia

The Odyssey
ca. Ninth-Eighth centuries B C—Greek


6. Hesiod
   Erga kai Hēmerai
   Works and Days
   ca. Eighth-Seventh centuries B C—Greek
   
   
   • Solon
   
   Poems
   late Seventh-early Sixth centuries B C—Greek
   
   
   • Aesop
   
   Fables
   ca. late Seventh-early Sixth centuries B C—Greek
   
   --
   
   • Tripitaka

ca. Sixth-Fifth centuries B C; Sanskrit translations extant—Pali


7. Confucius (Kǒng Zǐ) (Kǒng Fūzǐ) (K'ung Fu-tzu)

Analects
Lún Yǔ
written and compiled by the author's pupils; ca. Fifth Century B C-Second Century—Chinese

Aeschylus

8. Promētheus Desmōtēs

Prometheus Bound
disputed authorship; Fifth Century B C—Greek


9. Oresteia

The House of Atreus
458 B C—Greek


10. Pindar

Epinikia
Victory Odes
Fifth Century B C—Greek

Sophocles

11. Antigone

ca. 441 B C—Greek


12. Oidipous epi Kolōnō

Oedipus at Colonus
401 B C—Greek


13. Oidipous Tyrannos

Oedipus Rex; Oedipus the King
ca. 429 B C—Greek


14. Herodotus

Historiē
History
Fifth Century B C—Greek

Euripides

15. Mēdeia

Medea
431 B C—Greek


16. Hippolytos

428 B C—Greek


17. Trōiades

The Trojan Woman
415 B C—Greek


18. Bakchai
    The Bacchae
    405 B C—Greek
    
    
    • Hippocrates

Aphorisms
part of the Hippocratic Corpus; late Fifth-early Fourth centuries B C—Greek


19. Thucydides

History of the Peloponnesian War
early Fifth Century B C—Greek

Aristophanes

20. Nephelai

The Clouds
423 B C; revised 417 B C; only revised version remains—Greek


21. Ornithes

The Birds
414 B C—Greek


22. Lysistrate

Lysistrata
411 B C—Greek


23. Bátrachoi

The Frogs
405 B C—Greek


24. Xenophon

Anabasis
early Fourth Century B C—Greek

Plato

25. Symposium

early Fourth Century B C—Greek


26. Apologia Socratis

The Apology
early Fourth Century B C—Greek


27. Crito

early Fourth Century B C—Greek


28. Phaedo

early Fourth Century B C—Greek


29. Politeia

The Republic
early Fourth Century B C—Greek


30. Statesman

early Fourth Century B C—Greek


31. Laws

early Fourth Century B C—Greek


32. Timaeus

early Fourth Century B C—Greek

Demosthenes

33. First Philippic

ca. 351-50 B C—Greek


34. Second Philippic

ca. 344-43 B C—Greek


35. Third Philippic

341 B C—Greek

Aristotle

36. Politik

Politics
Fourth Century B C—Greek


37. Organon

Fourth Century B C—Greek


38. History of Animals

Fourth Century B C—Greek


39. Physics

Fourth Century B C—Greek


40. On the Heavens

written 350 B C—Greek


41. Meteorology

Fourth Century B C—Greek


42. Mechanics

Fourth Century B C—Greek


43. Ethika Nikomacheia

Nicomachean Ethics
Fourth Century B C—Greek


44. Rhetoric

Fourth Century B C—Greek


45. Peri Poiêtikês

De Poetica; Poetics
Fourth Century B C—Greek

Theophrastus

46. Historia Plantarum

Inquiry Into Plants
Fourth-early Third centuries B C—Greek


47. On the Causes of Plants

Fourth-early Third centuries B C—Greek

Menander

48. Perikeiromene

ca. 314-13 B C—Greek


49. Dyskolos

ca. 317-16 B C—Greek


50. Samia

ca. 315-09 B C—Greek


51. Epitrepontes

Fourt Century B C—Greek


52. Euclid

Elements
written ca. 300 B C—Greek


53. Archimedes
    On the Sphere and Cylinder
    circa 225 B C—Greek
    
    
    • Titus Maccius Plautus

Plays
Third-early Second centuries B C—Latin


54. Cato the Elder (Marcus Porcius Cato)

De Agri Cultura
written ca. 160 B C—Latin


55. Polybius
    Histories
    Second Century B C—Greek
    
    Marcus Tullius Cicero
    
    • Speeches
    
    First Century B C—Latin
    
    
    • Letters
    
    First Century B C—Latin
    
    
    • "Philosophical Essays"

First Century B C—Latin


56. De Re Publica

written 54-51 B C—Latin


57. De Legibus

First Century B C—Latin


58. Caius Julius Caesar

Commentarii de Bello Gallico
ca. 40 B C—Latin


59. Titus Lucretius Carus

De Rerum Natura
On the Nature of Things
First Century B C—Latin

Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus)

60. The Conspiracy of Cataline

First Century—Latin


61. The Jugurthine War

First Century—Latin


62. Catullus

Poems
First Century B C—Latin


63. Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro)

Aeneid
First Century B C—Latin

Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus)

64. Satirae

originally published in two volumes, 35 B C and 30 B C—Latin


65. Carmina

Odes
originally published in four volumes: first-third, 23 B C; fourth, 13 B C—Latin


66. Epistularum

originally published in two volumes, 20 and 14 B C—Latin


67. Strabo

Geographica
7 B C—Greek


68. Livy (Titus Livius)

Ab Urbe Condita Libri
History of Rome
First Century B C—Latin


69. Aulus Cornelius Celsus
    De Medicina
    First Century B C—Latin
    
    Lucius Annaeus Seneca
    
    • "Moral Essays"
    
    First Century—Latin
    
    
    • Plays

First Century—Latin


70. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

De Architectura
Ten Books on Architecture
written ca. 15 B C—Latin


71. Pliny the Elder

Naturalis Historia
ca. 77-9—Latin


72. Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus)

Insitutio Oratoria
ca. 95—Latin


73. Pedanius Dioscorides

De Materia Medica
First Century—Greek


74. Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis)

Epigrams
86-103—Latin


75. Plutarch

Bìoi Paràllēloi
Parallel Lives; Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
First Century—Greek


76. Cornelius Tacitus

Annales
written First Century—Latin


77. Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis)

Satires
late First-early Second centuries—Latin


78. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus

De Vita Caesarum
The Lives of the Twelve Caesars
written 121—Latin


79. Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus)
    Geographike Hyphegesis
    Geography
    Second Century—Greek
    
    Lucian
    
    • "Dialogues"

Second Century—Greek


80. Verae Historiae

True History
Second Century—Greek


81. Galen

De Naturalibus Facultatibus
On the Natural Faculties
First Century—Latin

--

82. Talmud

Shas
Aramaic; Hebrew


83. Diogenes Laërtius

Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers
Third Century—Greek

Augustine of Hippo

84. Confessionum Libri Tredecim

The Confessions of St. Augustine
written 397-98—Latin


85. De Civitate Dei Contra Paganos

City of God
426—Latin


86. Flavius Anicius Justinianus (Justinian I)

Corpus Juris Civilis
529-34—Latin

--

87. Quran

Koran
Seventh Century—Arabic


88. Bede

Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum
written ca. 731—Latin

--

89. Kitab alf Laylah Wa-Laylah

The Thousand and One Nights; The Arabian Nights
Ninth-Fifteenth centuries—Arabic


90. Avicenna

Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb
The Canon of Medicine
1025—Arabic


91. Geoffrey of Monmouth

Historia Regum Britanniae
written ca. 1136—Latin


92. John of Salisbury

Policraticus, Sive de Nugis Curialium et de Vestigiis Philosophorum
1159—Latin


93. Stephen Langton et al.

Magna Carta
Magna Carta Libertatum
1215—Latin


94. Roger Bacon

Opus Majus
1267—Latin


95. Thomas Aquinas

Summa Theologiae
Summa Theologica
written 1265-74—Latin


96. Marco Polo and Rustichello da Pisa

Livre des Merveilles du Monde
ca. 1300—French



97. Dante

La Divina Commedia
The Divine Comedy
originally entitled La Commedia; written ca. 1308-21—Italian


98. Giovanni Boccaccio
    Il Decameron, Cognominato Prencipe Galeotto
    ca. 1351-53—Italian
    
    --
    
    • The Bible [translation]

John Wycliffe's 1382 English translation of the Vulgate [see above]—Hebrew; Aramaic; Greek


99. Geoffrey Chaucer

Canterbury Tales
1478—English


100. Christopher Columbus

Epistola de Insulis Nuper Repertis
1493—Latin


101. Desiderius Erasmus

Stultitiae Laus
In Praise of Folly
1511; later revised—Latin


102. Thomas More

Libellus Uere Aureus, nec Minus Salutaris Quam Festivus, de Optimo rei Publicae Statu Deque Nova Insula Utopia
Utopia
1516—Latin


103. Martin Luther

An den Christlichen Adel Deutscher Nation
Address to the Christian Nobility
1520—German


104. Niccolò Machiavelli

Il Principe
The Prince
1532—Italian


105. John Calvin

Christianae Religionis Institutio
Institutes of the Christian Religion
1536; French translation, Institution de la Religion Chrestienne, 1541—Latin


106. Nicolas Copernicus

De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
1543—Latin


107. Andreas Vesalius

De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem
1543—Latin


108. Jean Bodin

Les Six Livres de la République
1576; revised and expanded Latin translation published 1586—French


109. Michel de Montaigne

Les Essais
Essays
originally published in three volumes: 1580, 1588, and 1595—French


110. William Gilbert

De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure
On the Magnet
1600—Latin


111. William Shakespeare

Hamlet
1602—English


112. Francis Bacon

Of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Human
1605—English


113. Miguel de Cervantes

El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha
Don Quixote
originally published in two volumes, 1605 and 1615—Spanish

Johannes Kepler

114. Astronomia Nova

1609—Latin


115. Harmonices Mundi

The Harmony of the World
1619—Latin


116. Hugo Grotius

De Jure Belli ac Pacis
On the Law of War and Peace
1625—Latin


117. William Harvey

Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals
1628—Latin


118. Galileo

Dialogo Sopra i due Massimi Sistemi del Mondo
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
1632—Italian


119. René Descartes

Discours de la Méthode Pour Bien Conduire sa Raison, et Chercher la Vérité dans les Sciences
Discourse on the Method
1637—French


120. John Milton

Areopagitica; A Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc'd Printing, to the Parliament of England
1644—English


121. Thomas Hobbes

Leviathan or, The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil
1651—English



122. Robert Boyle

The Sceptical Chymist: or Chymico-Physical Doubts and Paradoxes
1661—English


123. Robert Hooke

Micrographica: Or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon
1665—English


124. John Bunyan

The Pilgrim's Progress From This World to That Which Is to Come
1678—English


125. Isaac Newton

Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
1687; revised 1713 and 1726—Latin


126. John Locke

Two Treatises of Government: In the Former, the False Principles, and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and His Followers, Are Detected and Overthrown. The Latter Is an Essay Concerning the True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government
originally anonymously published 1689—English


127. Pierre Bayle

Dictionnaire Historique et Critique
1697; expanded 1702—French


128. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

Letters to the Royal Society
written 1673-1723; French translations published in part in Philosophical Transactions and Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris—Dutch


129. Daniel Defoe

The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner
originally anonymously published 1719—English


130. Giambattista Vico

Principi di Scienza Nuova d'Intorno Alla Comune Natura Delle Nazioni
The New Science
1725; revised 1730 and 1744—Italian


131. Jonathan Swift

Travels Into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and Then a Captain of Several Ships
Gulliver's Travels
1726; revised 1735—English


132. Carlos Linneaus

Systema Naturae
1735; revised through twelfth edition, 1766-8—Latin


133. Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu
     De l'Esprit des Lois
     The Spirit of Laws
     originally anonymously published 1748—French
     
     
     • Denis Diderot et al.

Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers
published in 28 volumes, 1751-72—French


134. Samuel Johnson

A Dictionary of the English Language
1755—English


135. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Du Contrat Social ou Principes du Droit Politique
The Social Contract
1762—French


136. Voltaire

Dictionnaire Philosophique
1764—French


137. Cesare Beccaria

Dei Delitti e Delle Pene
On Crimes and Punishments
1764—Italian


138. William Blackstone

Commentaries on the Laws of England
originally published in four volumes, 1765-69—English


139. Thomas Jefferson

A Summary View of the Rights of British America
1774—English


140. Adam Smith

An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
1776; revised through third edition, 1784—English


141. Thomas Paine

Common Sense; Addresed to the Inhabitants of America
1776—English


142. Edward Gibbon
     The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
     originally published in six volumes: first, 1776; second-third, 1781; fourth-sixth, 1788—English
     
     
     • Alexander Hamilton; John Jay; James Madison

The Federalist Papers
originally published 1787-1788 in the Independent Journal, the New-York Packet, and the Daily Advertiser—English


143. James Hutton

Theory of the Earth
edited 1785 lectures; originally entitled Theory of the Earth; or an Investigation of the Laws Observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land Upon the Globe, published 1788 in Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh; first book version, entitled Theory of the Earth; With Proofs and Illustrations, published 1795—English


144. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

Traité Élémentaire de Chimie, Présenté dans un Ordre Nouveau et d'Après les Découvertes Modernes
1789—French


145. Jeremy Bentham

Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
1789—English


146. Edmund Burke

Reflections on the Revolution in France
1790—English


147. Benjamin Franklin

Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
French translation published 1791 as Mémoires de la Vie Privée de Benjamin Franklin; first-third parts of the original English published 1818 as volume one of Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin; original English published in its entirety, 1868—English


148. Mary Wollstonecraft

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
1792—English


149. William Godwin

An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, and Its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness
1793—English


150. Marquis de Condorcet (Nicolas de Condorcet)

Esquisse d'un Tableau Historique des Progrès de l'Esprit Humain qui fut Publié Après Sa Mort
1795—French


151. Immanuel Kant

Zum Ewigen Frieden. Ein Philosophischer Entwurf
Perpetual Peace
1795; expanded 1796—German


152. Edward Jenner

An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae
1798—English


153. Thomas Robert Malthus

An Essay on the Principle of Population
originally anonymously published 1798; revised 1803 and published under the author's name—English


154. Pierre-Simon Laplace

Mécanique Céleste
originally published in five volumes, 1799-1825—French


155. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi

Wie Gertrud Ihre Kinder Lehrt
How Gertrude Teaches Her Children
1801—German


156. Johann Gottlieb Fichte

Reden an Die Dutsche Nation
1808—German


157. John Dalton

A New System of Chemical Philosophy
1808—English


158. Robert Owen

A New View Of Society: Or, Essays on the Formation of Human Character, and the Application of the Principle to Practice
1813; retitled A New View Of Society: Or, Essays on the Formation of Human Character Prepatory to the Development of a Plan for Gradually Ameliorating the Condition of Mankind, 1816—English


159. George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts
Elements of the Philosophy of Right
1820—German


160. Noah Webster

An American Dictionary of the English Language
originally entitled A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, published 1806; retitled, revised, and expanded 1828; revised and expanded 1841; later editions considered distinct works—English


161. Charles Lyell

Principles of Geology: Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Operation
originally published in three volumes: 1830, 1832, and 1833—English


162. Auguste Comte

Cours de Philosophie Positive
originally published in six volumes, 1832, 1835, 1838-42—French


163. Carl von Clausewitz

Vom Kriege
On War
1832—German


164. Alexis de Tocqueville
     De la Démocratie en Amérique
     Democracy in America
     originally published in two volumes, 1835 and 1840—French
     
     
     • William Holmes McGuffey

"Eclectic Readers"
four educational books published 1836-7 providing reading lessons and excerpts of varied literary works for primary-level students—English


165. Michael Faraday

Experimental Researches in Electricity
originally published in two volumes, 1839 and 1844—English


166. Louis Agassiz

Études sur les Glaciers
1840—French


167. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

Qu'est-ce Que la Popriété? Ou Recherche sur le Principe du Droit et du Gouvernment
1840—French


168. Thomas Carlyle

Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History
1842—English

Ralph Waldo Emerson

169. Essays: First Series

1841—English


170. Essays: Second Series

1844—English


171. Alexander von Humboldt

Kosmos. Entwurf Einer Physischen Weltbeschreibung
originally published in five volumes, 1845-62—German


172. Hermann von Helmholtz

Über die Erhaltung der Kraft
1847—German


173. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
     Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei
     The Communist Manifesto
     1848—German
     
     
     • Henry David Thoreau

'Civil Disobedience'
originally published 1849 in Aesthetic Papers—English


174. Harriet Beecher Stowe

Uncle Tom's Cabin
1852—English


175. Charles Dickens
     Hard Times - For These Times
     originally published serially Apr.-Aug. 1854 in Household Words—English
     
     
     • Louis Pasteur

'Mémoire sur la Fermentation Appelée Lactique'
'Treatise on the Fermentation Known as Lactic'
published in part 1857 in Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences; in its entirety, 1858, in Annales de Chimie et de Physique—French


176. Charles Darwin
     On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
     1859—English
     
     
     • Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A Douglas

Political Debates Between Hon. Abraham Lincoln and Hon. Stephen A. Douglas in the Celebrated Campaign of 1858, in Illinois
1860; edited Aug.-Oct. 1858 debates—English


177. John Stuart Mill

On Liberty
1859—English


178. Victor Hugo
     Les Misérables
     1862—French
     
     
     • Gregor Mendel

'Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden'
'Experiments on Plant Hybrids'
originally published 1866 in Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins Brünn; edited 1865 lecture—German


179. Jules Verne
     De la Terre à la Lune
     From the Earth to the Moon
     1865—French
     
     
     • Joseph Lister (Lord Lister)

'On the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery'
edited lecture, 9 Aug. 1867; published Sep. 1867 in Lancet—English


180. Horatio Alger

Ragged Dick; or, Street Life in New York With the Boot Blacks
1867—English


181. Walt Whitman

Democratic Vistas
1871—English


182. Josiah Willard Gibbs

On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances
originally published serially 1875-8 in Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences—English


183. Henry George

Progress and Property: An Inquiry Into the Cause of Industrial Depressions, and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth; the Remedy
1879—English


184. Henrik Ibsen
     Et Dukkehjem
     A Doll's House
     1879—Norwegian
     
     
     • Robert Koch
     
     'Die Aetiologie der Tuberculose'

'The Etiology of Tuberculosis'
originally published Apr. 1882 in Berliner Klinischen Wochenschrift; edited Mar. 1882 lecture—German


185. Herbert Spencer

The Man Versus the State
1884—English


186. Friedrich Nietzsche

Jenseits von Gut und Böse: Vorspiel Einer Philosophie der Zukunft
Beyond Good and Evil
1886—German


187. Edward Bellamy
     Looking Backward, 2000-1887
     1888—English
     
     
     • Sidney Webb; William Clarke; Sydney Olivier; George Bernard Shaw; Graham Wallas; Annie Besant; Hubert Bland

Fabian Essays in Socialism
1889—English


188. Alfred Thayer Mahan

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783
1890—English


189. James George Frazer
     The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion
     originally entitled The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion, published in two volumes, 1890; expanded and retitled 1900, in three volumes; expanded 1906-15, in 12 volumes; supplemental volume added for 1937 edition; distinct abridged versions, 1922, 1959, and 1994—English
     
     
     • Frederick Jackson Turner

'The Significance of the Frontier in American History'
originally published 1893 in the Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin and the Annual Report of the American Historical Association; edited lecture—English


190. Havelock Ellis

Studies in the Psychology of Sex
originally published in seven volumes, 1897-1928—English


191. Thorstein Veblen

The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions
1899—English


192. John Dewey
     School and Society: Being Three Lectures by John Dewey, Supplemented by a Statement of the University Elementary School
     1899—English
     
     
     • Halford John Mackinder

'The Geographical Pivot of History'
originally published Apr. 1904 in the Geographical Society—English


193. Frederick Winslow Taylor

The Principles of Scientific Management
1911—English


194. Woodrow Wilson

The New Freedom: A Call for the Emancipation of the Generous Energies of a People
1913; 1912 speeches edited by William Bayard Hale—English


195. Albert Einstein

Über die Spezielle und die Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie, Gemeinverständlich
Relativity, the Special and the General Theory: A Popular Exposition
1917; revised through fourteenth edition, 1922—German


196. Vladimir Lenin

Gosudarstvo i Revolûciâ
The State and Revolution
1917—Russian


197. John Maynard Keynes

The Economic Consequences of the Peace
1919—English


198. Adolf Hitler

Mein Kampf
originally published in two volumes, 1925 and 1926—German


199. Ivan Pavlov

Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex
1927—Russian


200. Sigmund Freud

Das Unbehagen in der Kultur
Civilization and Its Discontents
1930—German


201. Karl Marx

Das Kapital, Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie
originally published in three volumes: 1867, 1885, and 1894—German


202. Sigmund Freud

Die Traumdeutung
The Interpretation of Dreams
1899—German


203. Rachel Carson

Silent Spring
originally published Jun. 1962 in the New Yorker—English